Antique molding planes, also known as moulding planes (in British English), hold a special place in the hearts of woodworkers and collectors alike. These vintage tools, with their rich history and exceptional craftsmanship, offer a glimpse into the traditional woodworking methods of the past. This article aims to provide an in-depth look at antique molding planes, focusing on hollows and rounds, their uses, and what makes them unique. Whether you’re a seasoned woodworker or a curious novice, understanding these tools will enhance your appreciation of woodworking’s heritage.

Understanding Hollows and Rounds

What are Hollows and Rounds?

Hollows and rounds are a subset of molding planes used to create concave and convex profiles on wood. Unlike dedicated molding planes, which are designed for specific profiles, hollows and rounds offer greater flexibility. They are not used with a spring line, meaning they can be operated at any angle needed to achieve the desired profile. They can also be used in any direction, depending on the direction that the wood grain runs. This versatility makes them invaluable for creating custom moldings.

Sets and Numbering

Hollows and rounds typically come in numbered sets. A complete set usually includes pairs of planes numbered from 1 through 18, with each number representing a specific size. The numbering system is based on the width of the profile each plane cuts. For instance, a number 1 plane cuts a profile 1/16th of an inch wide, with the number corresponding to the radius of the circle from which the arc is derived.

This arc is a 60-degree segment, meaning the width of the plane’s sole equals the radius of the circle it cuts. While there is a general convention for numbering, there is no strict standard. Different manufacturers might have slight variations in their numbering systems, leading to discrepancies in sizes even within the same number.

Historical Context and Variations

Historically, the numbering conventions could vary significantly between makers. For example, an English maker like Moon might have different sizes for the same numbered plane compared to another English maker, Griffith of Norwich. Collectors and users must be aware of these variations, especially when assembling a set from different makers, known as Harlequin sets.

A matched set, where all planes are from the same maker and user, ensures consistency in size and performance. However, Harlequin sets can still be functional if the planes are graduated correctly in both number and size. Typically a half set (either evens or odds) of hollows and rounds planes are sufficient, and usually just a few pairs will be enough for most woodworkers. 

Where to Buy Vintage and New Hollows and Rounds

You can buy vintage hollows and rounds several places. The first, and easiest place to check is on Ebay. You can use this Ebay search to find them. Other sources are vintage tool sales, like those put on around the United States by the Mid-West Tool Collectors Association. You can also try Jim Bode Tools. I have never found good pairs of hollows and rounds planes at antique shops. The downside to buying vintage molding planes is that you would need to learn how to properly refurbish and sharpen the molding planes. But our video class above shows how to do this in great detail.  

One or two people are currently making and selling new hollow and round sets. One of which is M.S Bickford, who makes reproduction moulding planes. But due to the labor-intensive nature of making these handplanes, the prices are very high and planes aren’t always in stock, so you may need to wait for awhile.

Another option is to learn to make molding planes yourself. At our traditional woodworking school, Bill Anderson teaches the three day class: “Make a Molding Plane with Bill Anderson”, which you can find here. He also teaches a one day class on using molding planes, called: “Hand Cut Moldings with Bill Anderson”, which you can find here.

Anatomy of a Molding Plane

Understanding the anatomy of a hollow and round molding plane is crucial for its effective use and maintenance. Here are the key components of molding planes, in general:

1. Bed and Breast

The bed is the part of the plane where the iron (blade) rests. The breast is the surface in front of the iron, against which the wedge (which holds the iron in place) pushes. The angle between the bed and the breast, typically around 10 degrees, is vital for a secure mechanical joint.

2. Pitch

The pitch refers to the angle of the bed. Common pitch is 45 degrees, suitable for most woodworking tasks. Other pitches include York pitch (50 degrees), middle pitch (55 degrees), and half pitch (60 degrees). Higher pitches are often used for harder woods or intricate work, known as cabinet grade molding planes.

3. Iron

The iron is the cutting edge of the plane. It can be straight or skewed. Skewed irons, which are angled across the sole, offer advantages when working with difficult grain directions or across the grain. They were more expensive to manufacture but provide smoother cuts in challenging conditions.

4. Sole

The sole is the flat bottom of the plane that glides over the wood. In some planes, it might have a concave or convex profile, depending on the type of molding it is designed to cut.

Using Hollows and Rounds

Watch our above video here called: “Make Quarter Round Molding with a Hand Plane“, where Will Myers shows how to use a hollow plane to make a quarter round molding.

Flexibility in Use

The primary advantage of hollows and rounds is their flexibility. They are not bound by a spring line, allowing the user to adjust the angle as needed. This makes them ideal for creating custom profiles and working with various grain directions.

Matching Pairs

Hollows and rounds work in pairs – one plane cuts the hollow (concave) profile, and the matching plane cuts the round (convex) profile. Having a complete set allows for the creation of a wide range of moldings.

Practical Application

In practice, most woodworking tasks can be accomplished with a selection of key sizes. Planes numbered 4, 6, and 8 cover a significant range of common molding tasks. For more specialized work, adding sizes 2, 10, or even up to 24 (for large architectural moldings) might be necessary.

Tips for Collecting and Maintaining Antique Hollows & Rounds Molding Planes

Identifying Quality

When collecting antique molding planes, look for well-preserved tools with minimal wear on the iron and sole. The condition of the boxing (a hard wood insert that preserves the edges) is also crucial.

Provenance and Maker’s Marks

Authentic planes often have maker’s marks and size stamps. Researching these marks can provide insight into the tool’s history and value.

Regular Maintenance

Regularly sharpen the iron and check the plane’s alignment. Keeping the iron sharp ensures clean cuts, while proper alignment maintains the accuracy of the profiles.

Storage

Store the planes in a dry, stable environment to prevent rust and damage. Wooden planes can warp if exposed to excessive moisture or temperature changes.

Read our Molding Plane buyer’s guide (here) for much more detail on choosing and collecting antique molding planes.

Conclusion

Antique molding planes, particularly hollows and rounds, are remarkable tools that offer both historical value and practical utility. Their flexibility, combined with the rich tradition of craftsmanship they represent, makes them a treasure for woodworkers and collectors. By understanding their anatomy, usage, and maintenance, you can appreciate the intricate work these vintage tools make possible.

About Bill Anderson

Bill is a handplane expert, and an accomplished maker and restorer of wooden hand planes. His workshop is full of both wood planes and metal planes, and he teaches classes on making, refurbishing, and sharpening hand planes. See Bill’s classes at our school here. Bill is also now (as of 2024) teaching small, private classes at his workshop outside of Chapel Hill, North Carolina. You can see his website here.